More nascent efforts, like University of Washington and Seneca College, are still establishing a workflow. In these first steps of the program, advocacy and relationship building are more of a focus than OER production. Programs may have a handful of projects underway, but are conscientiously in pilot mode as they establish themselves in a new environment. Established programs like SUNY or University of Texas at Arlington tend to have higher rates of publication.

Age is relative, however. Open education is still across the board a new space for academia. The oldest of these programs is around six years old. As observable here, every single one of the programs interviewed is still in the process of establishing a method to sustain their program financially. Each program has yet to solidify their workflow, though some have successfully published a large number of open textbooks.

Younger programs can learn from the few that have been around the longest to learn from their successes as well as their failures. Communication between programs, in the form of conferences, research, and more, can foster a healthy and interdependent community of open educational resources and practices that can be shared, adapted, and shared again.